The term «collaborative practice agreement» was also referred to as a consultation agreement, collaborative pharmacy practice agreement, physician-pharmacist agreement, standing order or standing protocol, and physician delegation. [6] A Collaborative Practice Agreement is a legal document in the United States that establishes a formal relationship between pharmacists (often clinical pharmacy specialists) and cooperating physicians in order to provide a legal and ethical basis for pharmacists` participation in the collaborative management of drug therapies. [7] [4] The VHA proposed in 2012 that its APRNs be allowed to practice independently throughout the VHA system, regardless of government restrictions on the field of activity (VA, 2012). The proposal, which is based on the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution, has not yet been finalized, although a bill has been introduced in the United States. Senate in 2015, which would give legal authority to the full practice of APRN in the VHA.7 This proposal was a direct result of The Future of Nursing, with HAV nursing officials stating that «the proposed amendment follows a 2010 recommendation from the Institute of Medicine that nurses should practice to the fullest extent of their education and training» (Beck, 2014). That our WADA develop model state legislation to address the expansion of the scope of pharmacist practice that is deemed inappropriate or constitutes the practice of medicine, including, but not limited to, the issue of the interpretation or use of independent practice agreements without adequate medical supervision, and to cooperate with interested states and specialties to advance such legislation. (Action Policy). [64] The FTC has advocated competition in many states with respect to the scope of practice of APRNs (CCNA, 2014a). In particular, the FTC provided letters, comments and/or testimonies regarding the removal of barriers to the exercise of APRNs to the full extent of its training in Connecticut (FTC, 2013b), Florida (FTC, 2011a), Illinois (FTC, 2013a), Kentucky (FTC, 2012b), Louisiana (FTC, 2012a), Massachusetts (FTC, 2014a), Missouri (FTC, 2012c, 2015a), South Carolina (FTC, 2015b), Texas (FTC, 2011b).
and West Virginia (FTC, 2012d). The FTC has not filed any complaints regarding the scope of the APRN practice and anti-competitive concerns;3 However, the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled in North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. The Federal Trade Commission4 on the side of the FTC, which claimed that the Commission`s efforts to prevent non-dentists from providing teeth whitening services constituted a method of unfair competition under federal law.5 The Commission attempted to dismiss the application on the basis of state immunity. The Supreme Court`s decision denied immunity from state trade laws to professional associations representing the majority of the regulated profession, unless they were actively supervised by the state itself. The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, the American Nurses Association, the AANP, the American College of Nurse Midwives, the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, and the Citizen Advocacy Center, which understand the potential impact of the case on regulating nurses` scope of practice, filed an amicus letter in the case in support of the FTC.6 In March 2014, the FTC published an article, which states that «medical surveillance requirements may raise competition concerns because they effectively allow one group of health professionals to restrict market access by another competing group of health professionals, thereby depriving healthcare consumers of the benefits of increased competition» (FTC, 2014b, pp. 1-2). The committee that conducted this study recognizes that the shortage of primary care providers, both nurses and physicians, remains a challenge in the United States (AHRQ, 2011; HRSA, 2013, 2014b; Petterson et al., 2012). However, the Committee does not believe that the move towards special treatment diverts attention from the original intent of the recommendations of The Future of Nursing; rather, that it provides additional context for the value and impact of expanding the scope of the practice, and that it also provides a new focus for the campaign. In addition, it highlights the importance of collaborative practice among a range of health professionals as a model of health care for the future in primary and specialized care.
Under the PPAC, a certified pharmacist is allowed to register for a Drug Enforcement Administration (DeA) personal number. His field of activity is mainly pharmacotherapy general medicine. Currently, they have the power to prescribe for these three types of diseases: hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and high blood pressure in specific disease management protocols. [47] In California, a bill8 that independently practiced certified NPs who had practiced for at least 4,160 hours under the supervision of a physician failed in 2013 after fierce opposition from the California Medical Association (CMA). The CMA argued that if the bill were passed, it would mean that «nurse practitioners would no longer have to work under standard protocols and procedures or a supervising physician and would essentially give them a full license to practice medicine» (California Medical Association, 2013). The bill received support from several other professional associations and health insurers, but was rejected by national and national medical organizations (Adashi, 2013). Pharmacists involved in CPAs may participate in clinical services that are outside the traditional field of practice of pharmacists. In particular, pharmacists do not need to participate in CPAs to offer many pharmacy practice services that are already covered by their traditional field of activity, such as .B. the implementation of drug therapy management, the provision of disease prevention services (p.B. vaccinations), participation in public health screenings (p.B. screening for depressive disorders in patients, such as.B. major depressive disorders, by the administration of HQP-2).
Provide training specific to the condition of the disease (e.g. B as a certified diabetes educator) and advise patients on information about their medications. [18] Result 2-2. Progress has been made in expanding the scope of practice of APRNs, either completely or gradually. In 2015, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) published an updated white paper on collaborative management of drug therapies. The CACP regularly publishes updates on this topic, with previous publications in 2003 and 1997. The paper describes the recent history of CPAs, legislative advances, and discusses payment models for collaborative drug therapy management activities. [1] Research with NPs and physicians since the publication of The Future of Nursing offers perspectives to practicing clinicians on some of these topics. While state and federal efforts were underway to reduce scope of practice restrictions, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) conducted a national survey of NPs in 2012 (HRSA, 2014a). Of the respondents, 11% worked without a local doctor and 84% said they practiced «to the full extent of the state`s legal field of activity» (pp. 9-10).
Another survey of primary care NPs conducted the same year found that 75% of them practiced «the full scope of their education and training» (the central message of the IOM report) (Donelan et al., 2013, p. 1900), and 8% of NPs worked in a GP practice without a GP and billed all their services under their own National Provider Identifier (NPI) (Buerhaus et al., 2015). 96% of primary care NPs and 76% of primary care physicians surveyed in 2013 agreed that NPs should be able to fully exercise their education and training, reflecting a broad, albeit uneven, consensus on this fundamental message (Donelan et al., 2013). NPs and primary care physicians generally agreed that increasing the supply of NP could improve access to and timeliness of primary care, but disagreed on issues of reimbursement and quality of services provided. State practice environment. SOURCE: AANP, 2015. Reproduced with permission by the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Copyright © 2015.
Legal guidelines and requirements for CPA training are established from state to state. [7] The federal government approved CPAs in 1995. [2] Washington was the first state to pass a law allowing for the formal training of CPAs. In 1979, Washington changed the practice of pharmaceutical requirements,[8] which provided for the formation of collaborative pharmacotherapy agreements. [Citation needed] As of February 2016, 48 states and Washington D.C. had passed laws that allow the provision of CPAs. [9] The only two states that do not allow the supply of CPAs are Alabama and Delaware. [10] Alabama pharmacists had hoped that a CPA bill, House Bill 494, would be passed in 2015. [11] The bill was introduced by Alabama House representative Ron Johnson, but died in committee. [11] A Concerted Practice Agreement (CPA) is a legal document in the United States that establishes a legal relationship between clinical pharmacists and cooperating physicians that allows pharmacists to participate in the collaborative management of drug therapies (CDTM). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health observes that the changing healthcare landscape and changing profile of the U.S. population will require fundamental changes in the health care system (IOM, 2011).
Specifically, the report raises concerns about a shortage of primary care professionals in the United States, particularly given the expansion of insurance coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). .